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Libya, officially the State of Libya is a country in North Africa and is bordered north by the Mediterranean. It is bordered by Egypt to the east, Sudan to the southeast, Chad and Niger to the south, and Algeria and Tunisia to the west. 90% of its territory is desert and Libya is the fourth largest African country in size. The country's capital is Tripoli, with a population of 1.7 million.
The de facto leader of the country was Colonel Muammar al-Gaddafi, whose foreign policy had often brought him into conflict with the West and the governments of other African countries. A civil war broke out in the country that overthrew Gaddafi. That is why a government based in Benghazi had been formed.
Opposition forces had taken control of much of Libya, including Tripoli, and had been recognized internationally by some countries. In 2014 a new Civil War broke out.
The name of the country comes from the Egyptian term Lebu, which refers to the Berbers who lived west of the Nile. In Greek it became Libya, although in ancient Greece the term had a broader meaning, implying the whole of North Africa west of Egypt or the entire African continent.
Libya has the third highest per capita GDP in Africa after the Seychelles and South Africa, due to its low population and large oil reserves. The flag of Libya was the only country flag in the world that consisted of only one color and did not bear any other symbol or other details.
Archaeological findings show that from the 8th millennium BC. The coastal areas of Libya were inhabited by Neolithic tribes, who had developed special skills in cattle breeding and farming.
The area was later occupied by successive peoples and cultures, such as the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Ptolemies, Romans, Vandals and Byzantines, although only from the period of the Greeks and Romans there are archaeological finds: in Cyrene, Leptis and Sambratha.
Ruins of the theater in Roman Sampratha, west of Tripoli
The Phoenicians were the first to establish trading posts in Libya, when the merchants of Tire (in present-day Lebanon) developed trade relations with the Berber tribes.
By the 5th century BC, the largest Phoenician colony, Carthage, had extended its hegemony to almost all of North Africa, where it developed a distinct civilization. Carthaginian settlements off the coast of Libya existed in Oia (present-day Tripoli, in Leptis Magna and Sambratha, an area later renamed Tripoli, of these three cities.
The ancient Greeks occupied eastern Libya, according to tradition, when settlers from Santorini received orders from the oracle of Delphi to find a new place of residence in North Africa.
Thus, in 631 BC, they founded Kyrenia.
Within two hundred years, four other important cities were established in the region: Varki (Al Marge), the Eusperides (later Berenice, present-day Benghazi), Al Baida, Tawheira (later Arsinoe, present-day Tocra) and Apollonia (Susah), the port of Kyrenia. Along with Kyrenia, they were known as Pentapolis.
The Roman Empire united the two provinces of Libya, merchants and craftsmen from all over the Roman world settled in North Africa, but the two provinces retained their character: Tripoli remained Carthaginian and Cyrenaic Greek.
In the 7th century, Libya was occupied by the Arabs and in the following centuries, many locals adopted Islam and the Arabic language and culture as their religion.